We know that there were several thousand unaccounted for, Mechelle Brown, program coordinator for the Greenwood Cultural Center, told CNN during a 2016 interview. The district really took off as an economic and entrepreneurial kind of Mecca for Black folks because this was an era of segregation, he said. She is a native Tulsan, co-creator of the Tulsa Syllabus and the archaeology project "Mapping Historical Trauma in Tulsa from 1921-2021." . You have a really successful Black business community across the Frisco tracks, literally across the tracks from downtown Tulsa, said Johnson, the education chair for the Centennial Commission. They were left to rebuild on their own. When first published in 2001, society apparently wasn't ready for such an unstinting narrative. John the Baptist Stradford bought properties and stores and completed the 54-room Stradford Hotel in 1918. . On May 30, 1921, Dick Rowland, a young African American shoe shiner, was accused of assaulting a white elevator operator named Sarah Page in the elevator of a building in downtown Tulsa. But the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre is an example of the inability to transfer wealth intergenerationally because of disruptors some of these wealthy Black men, their wealth was lost in the massacre, and it was not restored.. O.W. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Extent. Several aspects of Tulsa's social structure served as causes of the Greenwood's destruction in 1921, including both demographic shifts and structural failures. Then according to several chroniclers, all hell broke loose, as the mob engaged the retreating Black men in a pitched gun battle that inched its way north toward the Frisco Railroad tracks that separated downtown from Deep Greenwood. 107-year-old survivor of Tulsa Massacre Viola Fletcher calls on U.S. to acknowledge 1921 event, Looking back at the Tulsa Race Massacre a century later, Tulsa newspapers swiftly published incendiary articles. From WKY-TV News, this documentary shares stories of Black Oklahomans from pre-statehood to the 1970s through rare photographs and interviews. Massacre and Greenwood Rising Black wealth is generally one-tenth of white wealth. This article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as The 1921 Tulsa Massacre: What Happened to Black Wall Streetin the Winter 2021issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us atpublications@neh.govif you are republishing it or have any questions. According to Tim Madigans The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, retired white Judge John Oliphant, Jacksons neighbor, testified that two young men trained their guns on the physician. The Williams Building, no.2 on Greenwood Ave., site of the Dreamland Theater, June 1, 1921, in Tulsa, Okla. Department of Special Collections, McFarlin Library, The University of Tulsa. Smithermans Tulsa Star promoted the idea of the New Negro, independent and assertive. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.40.3.0130. Watchmen and Lovecraft Country, both on HBO, filled television screens with imagery of Tulsas Black neighborhood of GreenwoodBooker T. Washington nicknamed it Negro Wall Street, which morphed into Black Wall Streetas it was shot up, torched, and bombed from the air by white vigilantes. So, promises broken. TULSA RACE MASSACRE. The next day Rowland was arrested at his home by two Tulsa police officers, one white and the other, Henry Pack, Black. Statewide, 43 percent of Black people own their homes compared to 72 percent of white people. Among the counted dead was Dr. A. C. Jackson, a noted surgeon endorsed by the Mayo Clinic (the clinic acknowledged his prominence). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Search and view more newspapers on The Gateway to Oklahoma History. I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. As spending multiplied, some Blacks earned nice salariesmore than many white-collar workers. The event never received widespread attention and was long noticeably absent from the history books used to teach Oklahoma schoolchildren. In 2010 John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park was opened in the Greenwood District to memorialize the massacre. In, This time, the police, fearing a lynching, moved Rowland from the regular jail to the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse for safekeeping. OHS-206 - Case Dockets #19221-19275, 1921. Publisher's Summary. Other historical acts of racist terrormob attacks on Black communities in Detroit, Cincinnati, Dayton, and New Yorkoccurred prior to the Civil War. The Oklahoma National Guard, called in by the governor to restore order, did so by joining the fray against the outnumbered and outgunned Black community. I never made much money, she said. When something is stolen from you, you go to the courts to be made whole. The committee accomplished this by using a variety of sources that took roughly three and a half years to compile. Arsonists reportedly waited for white women to fill bags with household loot before setting homes on fire. An estimated 300 people were killed within the districts 35 square blocks, burning to the ground more than 1,200 homes, at least 60 businesses, dozens of churches, a school, a hospital and a public library, according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. Her research and teaching focuses on archaeological sites of African heritage in St. Croix, US Virgin Islands and Oklahoma. The final report was submitted on February 21, 2001. He is author of Black People Are My Business: Toni Cade Bambaras Practices of Liberation (2020) and Ballers of the New School: Race and Sports in America (2010). Im going to use it, if I have to was the retort. Identifier: 1989-004 An artificial collection comprised of research materials from a variety of sources, including recordings, photographs. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Please try again. A Greenwood legend, Peg Leg Taylor, a veteran of the Spanish-American War, was said to have shot a dozen white men from a sniper position on Standpipe Hill. Tulsa, 1921 - Randy Krehbiel 2019-09-19 In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most . (Show) Current holds 0 current holds with 1 total copy. Book Place Hold Add to basket Print / Email Permalink Disable Highlighting Available copies 1 of 1 copy available at Mansfield Free Public Library. DuBois had already warned the Black veterans of World War I, in the May 1919 issue of the Crisis, that they would be cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land.. The second building on the right is the Drexel Building, which was a pivotal location in the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. The legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre and Tulsa's path forward. During the riot, a mob of white people burned the black middle-class neighborhood of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and murdered many of its residents. View the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection finding aidThe Tulsa Race Riot Commission was created by the Oklahoma Legislature in 1997 under HB 2468. Thabiti Lewis is professor of English and associate vice chancellor of academic affairs at Washington State University. After it was published, The Burning , like its subject matter . Justice in America, Randle said, is always so slow or not possible for Black people and we are made to feel crazy just for asking for things to be made right.. 1,142 pages. The book contains first-person accounts of survivors, but it is said that only two dozen copies were printed. Zola Faye Sells (H1982.052) Four sites were identified in the City's examination: Oaklawn Cemetery, Newblock Park, an additional area near Newblock Park, and Rolling Oaks Memorial . OHS-204 - Case Dockets #16013-19166, 1921. Enjoy a great reading experience when you buy the Kindle edition of this book. Could not validate captcha. IE 11 is not supported. Fletcher's brother Hughes Van Ellis, 100, and a World War II veteran, said his childhood was hard as his family recovered from the massacre. Smitherman had chastised Blacks for allowing the lynching of Claude Chandler the year before in Oklahoma City, and he urged the men in the room to protect Rowland and themselves. Originally dubbed the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot, this man-made calamity might also be given several other descriptors: white riot, assault, disaster, massacre (the mostly commonly used term today), pogrom, a holocaust, ethnic cleansing, or genocide. The truth. As the Magic City grew with the steady influx of white settlers and fortune hunters, it became more like the rest of America, but with less law and order. But the ethos and bond that empowered residents to rebuild the community was strong. A number of the massacres that happen that are normally coined as a riot Memphis, Chicago, those are all places where you also have documentation of police participation and being deputized, she said. Even before Watchmen (which premiered in fall 2019) and Lovecraft Country (fall 2020), Black social media and public lectures promoted the hashtag #BlackWallStreet. Led by O. This page includes Oklahoma Historical Society resources and collections that chronicle this devastating event in our state's history. Hannibal B. Johnson, esquire, is chair of the Education Committee for the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission and local curator of Greenwood Rising. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Tulsa Tribune then published the front-page headline Nab Negro for Attacking Girl in Elevator. Later, Walter White, who investigated the incident for the NAACP, wondered why so many were willing to believe that Rowland was foolish enough to attack a white girl on an elevator on a holiday during a time of terror. These PDFs contain thousands of pages from the Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection. . Old World War I airplanes dropped bombs on Greenwood, with the mob fatally shooting Black people and looting and burning their homes and businesses. You could not be signed in. The heart of the prosperous African-American district of Greenwood after the massacre. Read More Krehbiel, Randy,(author.). "The massacre was actively covered up in the white community in Tulsa for nearly a . Currently, Stover is working on a PBS documentary about the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. African Americans had been around Oklahoma for a long time. It should teach us to Look Up, Lift Up and Lend a Helping Hand, and remember that we cannot rise higher than our weakest brother. Tulsa's Greenwood district rebuilt after the massacre 100 years ago. Vernon AME Church with a plaque commemorating the 1921 Tulsa Massacre, in Tulsa, Okla., on May 21st, 2021. He is author of, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. On Friday, February 27 from 5:30 to 6:30 p.m., TU will host the panel discussion "Black Wall Street and the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre" to explore the success of Black Wall Street before the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. A portrait of lawyer Buck Colbert Franklin, taken some years before he moved to Tulsa, where he opened a practice shortly before the 1921 massacre. I was told we had to leave and that was it. . Our country may forget this history, but I cannot.. Then came another blow. While most mob members were not deputized, the general feeling was that they were acting under the protection of the government. Theres really no way of knowing exactly how many people died. The Tulsa race massacre was an injustice on multiple levels. Crowds of people watching the fires on June 1, 1921 in Tulsa, Okla., looking from Cincinnati Ave. from 2nd St. to Detroit Ave. Hughes Van Ellis, left, a Tulsa Race Massacre survivor and Viola Fletcher, second right, oldest living survivor of the Tulsa Race Massacre, testify before the Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Subcommittee hearing on "Continuing Injustice: The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre" on Capitol Hill on May 19, 2021. He did not find evidence that the disaster was premeditated by city officials, but he thought they certainly took advantage of it to the detriment of the Black community. Ruth Powers (H1983.101) But on May 31 of that year, a white mob, inflamed by rumors that a young Black man had attempted to rape a white teenage girl, invaded Greenwood. The Greenwood district in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 massacre. Among the counted dead was Dr. A. C. Jackson, a noted surgeon endorsed by the Mayo Clinic (the clinic acknowledged his prominence). Great Value. ): The elevator operator was seventeen-year-old Sarah Page, a white girl. Moderated by J. D. Baker, special assistant to Oklahoma City Mayor Holt, the panel included Brenda Alford, who shared her familys story of surviving the Tulsa Race Massacre; Oklahoma State University professor Dr. Quraysh Ali Lansana, an Oklahoma native and the acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation at Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, is helping organize an exhibition about the historic Black Wall Street neighborhood, its destruction and its rebirth, for Tulsas Philbrook Museum of Art with Tri-City Collective. The two-day attack led by a White mob resulted in the deaths of as many as 300 . Notes, bibliography, and index. Parrish, who miraculously escaped death as she fled through a hail of gunfire with her young daughter, wrote: The Tulsa disaster has taught great lessons to all of us, has dissipated some of our false creeds, and has revealed to us verities of which we were oblivious. Brandy Thomas Wells, who provided historic context for and ramifications of the massacre; and Reverend Dr. Robert Turner of Historic Vernon Chapel A. M. E. Church, who shared the perspective of a community leader in Tulsa. Get the full version of this audiobook: https://audiobookscloud.com/B0851DWL7GTulsa 1921: Reporting a MassacreIn 1921, Tulsa's Greenwood District - known the. A massive share of people in Greenwood were left homeless. Sidestepping discrimination in the oil industry, Blacks arriving in Tulsa prospered as maids, shoeshines, waiters, chauffeurs, cooks, barbers, mammies, and gardeners to the newly rich. Rowland went inside the building to use the third-floor segregated restroom. Black people had money and needed places to spend it. These materials include historical accounts, text, and photographs, which may include offensive language, negative stereotypes, and descriptions of traumatic events. African Americans had been around Oklahoma for a long time. The other lingering issue is how Black wealth is generally one-tenth of white wealth. Social media was abuzz with people trying to find out more about Tulsa. Following World War I, Tulsa was recognized nationally for its affluent African American community known as the Greenwood District. Blood on Black Wall Street: The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre. As city streets throbbed with protests (and what some might call uprisings) during the summer of 2020, two science fiction dramas recalled the massacre of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which took place 100 years ago this spring. In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's "Black Wall Street," was one of the most prosperous African American communities in the United States. Thats Dr. Jackson, yelled Oliphant. Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway to History website. An unflinching account of America's most horrific racial massacre, The Burning is essential reading as America finally comes to terms with its racial past. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. The violence of Tulsa Race Massacre was not unique for its time, but was one among a series of mob attacks carried out against Black communities in the early 20 th century. Meanwhile, the Tulsa Tribunes afternoon edition fanned the flames with the headline To Lynch Negro Tonight! as an ugly mob began to gather outside of the Tulsa Courthouse. B. Mann, of Mann Brothers Grocery Store, and Black Deputy County Sheriff J. K. Smitherman (A. J.s brother), they offered their assistance to Sheriff Willard McCullough, but he persuaded them to leave. John Williams, originally from Mississippi, opened an automobile repair shop and then Williams Dreamland Theatre, offering live stage shows and silent films, in addition to the air-conditioned Williams Confectionery. Around or after 4:00 p.m. that day, a clerk at Renberg's clothing store on the first floor of the Drexel Building in Tulsa heard a woman scream. These interviews were conducted in the 1990s. "Truth. The Tulsa Race. Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. Materials are presented uncensored and unaltered to reflect the historical record, and some content may be disturbing to viewers. This week marks the 100th anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre, in which a mob of whites invaded and burned to ashes the thriving African American district of Greenwood, also known as Black Wall Street. And they mustered the strength to rebuild. Those indictments were largely dismissed or not pursued, according to the Human Rights Watch report. Overview. On the morning of May 30, 1921, a brief encounter between a black male and a white female, both teens, sparked a massacre which resulted in the deaths and injuries of hundreds of people and the destruction of a large section of Tulsa. As many as three hundred people, most of whom were black, died during the riot. North Greenwood Ave. in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 Tulsa massacre. The Tulsa Race Massacre You have an incident like that, then the breach in trust is huge. We didnt have much. Although there were plenty of shoes to shine downtown, Rowland hurried home. In the span of about 24 hours between May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob descended on Greenwood, a successful black economic hub in Tulsa . So trust is a real lingering issue, he said. The Tulsa massacre, the New York Times has noted, has gone from "virtually unknown to emblematic with impressive speed." Its own film critics have suggested watching all three new documentaries about the day in 1921 when the entire Black community was burned to the ground by rioting white Tulsa residents, with as many as 300 people killed. Both survived the conflict. Tulsa's Greenwood district is the site of one of the most devastating race disturbances in the history of the United States. After an all-night battle on the Frisco Tracks, many residents of Greenwood were taken by surprise as bullets ripped through the walls of their homes in the predawn hours. Desk Blotter Report Tulsa County Jail . William Loren Katzs Black Indians and Art Burtons Black, Red, and Deadly cite an early Black presence in Oklahoma, then called Indian Territory. Randy Krehbiels Tulsa 1921: Reporting a Massacre quotes Washington Irvings 1835 eyewitness description of the Creeks, which confirms an early Black presence: quite Oriental in . The written order, filed on Wednesday . Tulsa Race Riot Commission Collection, 19211923 / 19972001 Also in August 1920, in Oklahoma City, an eighteen-year-old Black youth, Claude Chandler, was lynched by a mob that featured the future mayor of Oklahoma City, O. The white mob blocked firefighters while 1,256 homes were destroyed and another 400 were looted. Slavery was obviously a huge example of an inability to accumulate wealth uncompensated labor, he said. University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. It would take the usual suspectsurban renewal, the interstate highway system, and economic integrationto sap the economy and choke the vibrancy of Deep Greenwood. The siblings, Lessie Benningfield Randle, 106, and some of the experts who testified called on Congress to provide reparations to the survivors and descendants of the massacre. "I could see planes circling in. The mob broke into downtown (white-owned) pawnshops and hardware stores to steal weapons and bullets. B. Mann, a WWI veteran and veritable giant, led a valiant fight by sniping the rioters from Mt. At the time, Greenwood was very likely the most prosperous Black community in the country, and Tulsa, the Magic City, was one of Americas fastest-growing cities, an oil boomtown, following the 1905 discovery of the Glenn Pool Oil Reserve 15 miles south of town. True deliverance for the people of Greenwood, however, came from within, as documented in their own record of the massacre and its aftermath. By 1921, according to historian Scott Ellsworth, a revived Tulsa Ku Klux Klan claimed an active membership of 3,200. Named for historian and civil rights advocate John Hope Franklin, whose father survived the massacre, the park features the Tower of Reconciliation, a 25-foot- (7.5-metre-) tall sculpture that commemorates African American struggle. Viewers wondered if the events depicted were more fiction than science. Historians tend to de-emphasize the violence waged against Black people in AmericaTulsa is one prominent example. The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. The commissions final report was published on February 28, 2001. He bought land and opened another general store north of Tulsas St. Louis and San Francisco or Frisco Railroad tracks. Take me. Dont shoot him! In 2018, Mayor G.T. . In other words, when they approached the gate of economic opportunity at the white dominated downtown Tulsa economy, they were turned away. It happened during one of the worst periods of racially motivated violence against Black Americans, the years immediately following the end of World War I in 1918. He was born in Huntsville, Alabama, on Christmas Day in 1868, and educated in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The story of Tulsas Greenwood community, Events of the Tulsa Disaster was compiled by the Black stenographer Mary E. Jones Parrish and published by the Black community sometime after 1922. By the 1880s, under the leadership of African-American attorney Edwin P. McCabe, a former clerk for the United States Treasury Department, Blacks formed Oklahoma clubs and worked to make Oklahoma an all-Black state. On May 31 and June 1, 1921, a white mob set fire to the district, once known as "Black Wall Street," and killed up to 300 Black residents . Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway to History. It all started on Monday morning, May 30, 1921, when a nineteen-year-old African-American shoeshine named Dick Rowland was working at a stand in front of the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa. As Rowland sat in jail, back at the offices of the Black newspaper, A. J. Smitherman of the Tulsa Star led an impassioned discussion about how to protect him. This upheaval resulted in the uncontested mob outnumbering the remaining Black people by 20 to 1, the report said. You have white people, some of whom are not doing well economically, who can look across those tracks and see Black people living in homes, driving cars, furnishing their homes with pianos, women wearing furs, all the trappings of economic success. DuBois had visited Tulsa in March as the NAACP protested the gruesome lynching of Henry Lowery in Arkansas. Through the Looking Glass Darkly, Part III (1973) (F2013.134.2.0026, WKY-TV Moving Image Collection) The building was demolished in 1924 to expand the First National Bank. I will never forget the violence of the hate mob when we left our home. In a 1940 Works Progress Administration oral history, an ex-enslaved Creek confirmed this: I was eating out of the same pot with the Indians, . Black Tulsans are three times more likely to face police brutality in comparison to their white counterparts. appearance, and a sprinkling of trappers, hunters, half-breeds, creoles and negroes of every hue. Black families, enslaved and freed, were among the Lochapoka Creeks, who were forced from Alabama during the Trail of Tears and founded Tulsa in 1836. It all began on Memorial Day, May 31, 1921. Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive, 1920-2007 (formerly the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 archive, 1920-2007). The next day the Tulsa Tribune printed a story saying that Rowland had tried to rape Page, with an accompanying editorial stating that a lynching was planned for that night. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Now that Tulsa has scratched its way into popular culture, it stands as a symbol of Black tragedy and also of resurrection and resilience. Tulsa police officers were identified by eyewitnesses as setting fire to Black homes, shooting residents and stealing. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. Tape 4 (1999.069.04) - interviews with Jobie Elizabeth Holderness, Eunice Jackson, Myrtle Rollerson, and Beulah Loree Smith, Most of the historic resources directly associated with Greenwood were destroyed during the massacre and many of the resources from the period of post-massacre reconstruction were destroyed by urban renewal in the 1970s. Later that afternoon at the Black-owned Williams Dreamland Theatre, sixteen-year-old Bill Williams watched as a neighbor jumped on stage and announced: Were not going to let this happen. According to Tim Madigans. The Bloomberg Philanthropies gave Tulsa $1 million for an expansive public art project called the Greenwood Art Project. Two survivors of the 1921 massacre of black people in the US city of Tulsa have been granted citizenship of Ghana, according to the Justice for Greenwood Foundation. Vernon A.M.E remains a testimony to the resilience of the Greenwood neighborhood, and is significant for its role in understanding race relations in the US under legal segregation; in community planning and development for its representation of the initiation and growth of a segregated community within the city of Tulsa as well as reconstruction after the 1921 massacre; and in social history for its depiction of racial intolerance against African Americans. But on May 31 of that year,. In addition to the 24-hour destruction of the Black community by a variety of White Tulsans in . Fire was a primary weapon of the Tulsa Massacre. The courts in Oklahoma wouldn't hear us. Tulsa's dark chapter . Less than a year before, in August 1920, a white drifter, Roy Belton, had been ripped from jail by a white mob and hung in public for killing the towns favorite cab driver. James B. In 2018, Radio Diaries in New York City received a $350,000 grant from NEH to support several episodes of its historical radio program and podcast, one of which, Surviving the Tulsa Race Riot, told the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre through the life and memories of Olivia Hooker, who was just six years old in 1921. A. Robertson dispatched the National Guard and declared martial law. Postcards, issued in 1911, featured the hanging of African-American farm wife Laura Nelson and her castrated son from a bridge in Okemah, Oklahomaan event that later inspired the activism of Woody Guthrie. The lawyer leading the charge was Buck Colbert Franklin, the father of famed historian John Hope Franklin, the late professor emeritus at Duke University. In February 2003, more than 200 plaintiffs, comprised of massacre survivors and their descendants, filed a lawsuit against the City of Tulsa, the Tulsa Police Department, and the State of Oklahoma. It included the willful destruction of what at the time was one of the most successful Black communities in America. Madigan did extensive research on the survivors in order to tell the stories of the lead up to the event, the actual race riot, the . 1,201 pages. OHS-203 - Analysis and Final Report. The only African American in the legislature, Currin authored Oklahomas first civil rights bill, which lost ratification by one vote as the territorial government proceeded to disenfranchise Blacks and pass its first Jim Crow laws. 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Veteran and veritable giant, led a valiant fight by sniping the rioters from Mt and view newspapers! Is the Drexel building, which was a pivotal location in the white mob firefighters... Of economic opportunity at the white mob resulted in the street associate chancellor... Out more about Tulsa no way of knowing exactly how tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes people died inside... And was long noticeably absent from the history books used to teach Oklahoma schoolchildren blood on Black Wall street the. Claimed an active membership of 3,200 State University about Tulsa of Tulsas St. Louis and San Francisco Frisco! That, then the breach in trust is a real lingering issue, tulsa 1921 reporting a massacre sparknotes said and vice. As the Greenwood district to memorialize the massacre which was a pivotal location in the of...