In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. A Hogon is a spiritual leader in a Dogon village who play an important role in Dogon religion . The Dogon are an ethnic group in Mali, with some unusual mythology and cultural practices. [13] As the growth of cities increased, the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased. Economically, the Dogon are no longer as dependent on agriculture as in the past. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort. Sadly, these days the culture of the Dogon is under threat as many have converted to other religions. Another indication of this is the subjectobjectverb basic word order, which Dogon shares with such early NigerCongo branches as Ijoid and Mande. [28] Today, a significant minority of the Dogon practice Islam. The Awa is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. WebThe hogon, the Dogons' spiritual elders and high priests, preside over Lebe ceremonies. While digging at a site called Pakaytambo in the southern Peru highlands, anthropologists and archaeologists from the University of IllinoisChicago (UIC) unearthed an ancient Wari ritual complex that was approximately 1,200 years old. Dogon insecurity in the face of these historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment. Unless arrangements are made to the contrary, a man's property is inherited by his eldest son, who is expected to provide support for his brothers or assure them of an equal share of the inheritance. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon, Beierle, John "Dogon In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. In 1912 a school was established for them in Sanga, followed by a Christian mission in the 1930s, and later a medical dispensary. Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity, the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial. A man may now sell a field allotted to him in the distribution of ginna property, but the sale is always revocable, and the ginna may recover the property upon the death of the seller through the reimbursement of the purchase price to the buyer. Above the lineage is the much larger kin group called the clan, from which the various lineages emerge. [56], Oberg points out a number of errors contained in the Dogon beliefs, including the number of moons possessed by Jupiter, that Saturn was the furthest planet from the sun, and the only planet with rings. Religious Beliefs. A cliff dwelling people, they inhabited the area for many centuries despite the hostility of the environment and were able to preserve their ancient lifestyle as they were protected from rivals by the long cliff of Bandiagara. One example: 'If a Sirius-C is ever discovered and found to be a red dwarf, I will conclude that the Dogon information has been fully validated. Political Organization. Identification. A good knowledge of French would be helpful when visiting the area, but a multi-lingual guide would be able to translate for anyone unable to speak the language. The Yana Gulay mask's purpose is to impersonate a Fulani woman, and is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells. The spread of Islam throughout Africa has brought about some degree of change in the basic religious orientation of the Dogon. WebThe Hogon must live alone in his house. Marriages are endogamous in that the people are limited to marry only persons within their clan and within their caste.[29]. Identification. 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Given the centrality of ancestor worship in Dogon society, practices associated with deathnamely, the initial funerary rites and the dama, or final lifting of mourningachieve great importance in ceremonial life. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Marriage into the occupational castessuch as that of blacksmithsis strongly prohibited. Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. While the people keep chickens or herds of sheep and goats in Dogon villages, animal husbandry holds little economic value. Other crops include sesame, maize, This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. At present I am a Read More. The Satimbe mask represents the women ancestors, who are said to have discovered the purpose of the masks by guiding the spirits of the deceased into the afterlife (Davis, 74). Although the Dogon have been more successful in retaining their traditional beliefs and practices than some other African peoples, they have not been immune to change. [11] They also believe in ancestral spirits such as the Serpent Ancestor Lebe, and the "Water Spirits" Nommo. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? How the Dogon Preserved Their Unique Culture Along The Cliff This was to prevent a being like the Jackal from ever being born on Earth again. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. Masked dances and masquerades at funerals are a feature of their culture for which they are well known. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. He wears white clothes and nobody is allowed to touch him. The answer is sewa, which means that everything is fine. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule. African art and culture had been a driving inspiration to European modern artists like Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, and Amedeo Modigliani, among others. [20] The religion embraced many aspects of nature which are found in other traditional African religions. It was held once every sixty years and allegedly celebrated the white dwarf star, Sirius B. For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young. [51], In a 1978 critique, skeptic Ian Ridpath concluded: "There are any number of channels by which the Dogon could have received Western knowledge long before they were visited by Griaule and Dieterlen. [40] In late 1946, Griaule spent a consecutive 33 days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman Ogotemmeli, the source of much of Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen's future publications. Every Dogon village or clan has its own totem. Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, sanctuaries, or kept with the Hogon (Laude, 20). Location. The series of dances, which constitute a good part of the Sigi, lasts for seven years; one village after another takes its turn to entertain its neighbors with feasting, drinking, and displays of wealth. [citation needed] The selection of a wife is carried out by the man's parents. The private property of a woman goes first to her daughter, then to the youngest sister. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. In the event of a divorce, the woman takes only the youngest child with her, and the rest remain as a part of the husband's household. Other fauna include crocodiles (in the swampy areas on the plain), reptiles, monkeys, guenons, guinea hens, hyenas, foxes, panthers, rabbits, and small rodents. Land Tenure. [37] Women have no right to learn Sigui So. Associated with regeneration Webaccording to the Dogon culture, when a hogan is chosen, he must go for months on end without bathing and shaving the hair on their bodies from the head to toes.this means that the hogan will forego any hygiene practice for along duration so as to fulfill the requirements of being a hogan. An enlarged family can count up to a hundred persons and is called guinna. 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' His saliva is the source of the life-giving humidity, and his foot must not touch the earth directly or the ground will dry up. Also regional and dialect group names: Chinbok, Chinbon, Dai, Kuku, Lai (s, Karen Paulme, Denise (1940). "hogon | African religious leader | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogon&oldid=1122616271, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 14:57. This announces the entrance of persons wearing the masks used in this ceremony, while the deceased's entrance to his home in the family compound is decorated with ritual elements (Davis, 7273). Socialization. They communicated a knowledge that went deep into the origins of human beings. African religions: Ritual and religious specialists. 23 Feb. 2023 . Morton, Robert (ed.) The Dogon also plant and maintain a variety of useful trees such as date palms. WebMost Dogon sculptures are carved for personal or family use, to commemorate the founding of a community, or for community worship. Social stratification among the Dogon is similar in many respects to that found in other societies in West Africa. Prior to the birth of the first child, the wife lives at the home of her parents, while her husband continues to reside in the bachelor quarters where he has lived from the age of 8 to 10. 'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. Once there, many trails are open to visitors along the escarpment and while visiting a traditional Dogon village, cultural respect is encouraged. Death is conceived as the separation from the body of the two parts that make up the personalitythe nyama, or vital life force, and the kikinu say, or soul. The leather-workers engage in significant trade with other ethnic groups and accumulate wealth. [53], Robert Todd Carroll also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary, terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes. He is elected from among the oldest men of the dominant lineage of the village. The blacksmith, set apart by his caste, has no rights in the village and lives entirely on the proceeds of the sale of his goods to other villagers. Succession to office is patrilineal (by younger brother). ETHNONYMS: Cohatur, Kohatur, Kotar, Koter, Kothur The Hogon The Hogon is an elderly male, spiritual leader of the Dogon village who lives alone in a hut constructed, furnished, and decorated to symbolize the universe. The Dogon migrated after the empire's collapse to the cliffs of the Bandiagara plateau. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Religious Practitioners. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Among the Dogon, several oral traditions have been recorded as to their origin. The concept of death and rebirth is also contained within Dogon mythology. In addition, men tend the livestock, hunt, and clear and fertilize the fields, whereas women collaborate in sowing, weeding, and harvesting the grain and in raising seasonal crops such as onions. [4], The principal Dogon area is bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment, a sandstone cliff of up to 500 metres (1,600ft) high, stretching about 150km (90 miles). The Kanaga masqueraders, at one point, dance and sit next to the bundkamba, which represents the deceased. Nobody should touch the hogon. & E.I.K. Durieux-Boon (2004). (2003), Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996), Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. The "Sigi so" was used to tell the story of creation of the universe, of human life, and the advent of death on the Earth, during both funeral ceremonies and the rites of the "end of mourning" ("dama"). Within the village, individual houses are set around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from neighboring houses by stone walls. Tellem textiles: archaeological finds from burial caves in Mali's Bandiagara Cliff, Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, Douglas, M. (1968). Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. The Cliff of Bandiagara (or Land of the Dogons) in Mali is an outstanding landscape and has earthen architecture that seems to defy the laws of nature and the passing of time. Not on view. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. After initiation, the Hogon wears a red fez. The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made. Another 10% practices Christianity. During the yincomoli ceremony, a gourd is smashed over the deceased's wooden bowl, hoe, and bundukamba (burial blanket). Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another. The Cliff of Bandiagara, a beautiful and unique escarpment, is home to the Dogon people and culture, and because of its worldwide importance, was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1989. The development of tourism in the Dogon Country and the Hombori Mountains (Mali) . In this ceremony, offerings of millet from the hogon's fields, in conjunction with sacrifices by the Binu priest (binukedine ) on the Lebe altar of the ancestors, impart to the seed the spiritual essence or nyama that will contribute toward the community's assurance of an abundant harvest. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. Each Dogon village, or enlarged family, is headed by one male elder. Industrial Arts. In another case of natures wrath rearing its head, flash floods have struck the iconic world heritage site at Petra, Jordan, forcing the evacuation of 1,700 tourists . Unfortunately, the majority of these animistic spiritual practices tend to disappear with the younger generations and the widespread adoption of Islam. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. In Dogon thought, males and females are born with both sexual components. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). This enigmatic figure is an ancestor figure from the Dogon people of Mali. The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. They chose to migrate to the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and they still remain fiercely protective of their culture. Orientation WebThe Dogon are renowned for their attachment to African Culture and traditions, and in Mali, I have witnessed many difficult mental illnesses being cured by Dogon healers, called the Hogon, which is the name for the Dogon priest. Dogons originated for the first time from the West bank of Niger around 1490 Work activities are clearly differentiated. The Dogon are They farm, as well as hunt occasionally, and many Dogon continue to practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion. After Mali's independence from France in 1960, a 40-kilometer road was built from Bandiagara to Sanga, which further disrupted traditional life. Wood, covered with sacrifical materials, Seated Couple, Dogon, Mali. Dogon funeral rituals come in two parts. Explanation. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. Elaborate ceremonial stools of this kind were owned by the hogon, the supreme religious and political leader in each The Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel. In addition to the biological mother who cares for the infant during the nursing period, the second wife, the father's mother and other women of the grandmother's generation, sisters of the father, friends of the wife, and older sisters of the child all serve as caretakers. Demography. There is no indigenous political integration above the local (village) or district level. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Pottery and spinning are the exclusive domain of women, whereas basketry and weaving are male activities. ", "Processes and Limitations of Dogon Agricultural Knowledge", Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? In a polygynous marriage, the wives reside in separate houses within the husband's compound. Two of the most specialized craftsleather- and ironworkingare restricted exclusively to members of a craft caste. According to this oral tradition, the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani-Na. Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. "The dual soul is a danger; a man should be male, and a woman female. Ancient Chinese Earthquake Detector Invented 2,000 Years Ago Really Worked! ETHNONYMS: Dogom, Dogono, Habbe, Hambbe, Makbe, Tombo, Tommo, Toro, Identification. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. Sometime in the 14 th century, the Dogon people arrived in the area and drove the Tellem from the escarpment, although it is also possible that the latter were assimilated as within the abandoned Tellem villages, the influence of this culture on the Dogon is apparent. The hogon is assisted in office by a sacrificial totem priest (yebene ), three bodyguards or policemen, a public crier or herald, and an ambassador who deals with other districts. 1000-1500 AD, Dogon Sculpture, Mali. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 14:24. A hogon is a religious figure as well as a temporal authority; the hogon may be hereditary or may be chosen from among the village elderscustom varies from place to place. According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. In 1995, gravitational studies indeed showed the possible presence of a brown dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (a Sirius-C) with a six-year orbital period. Circumcision and excision are once again the remedy."[27]. A younger brother is first in line to inherit all collective property, followed by the eldest son. The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso. According to Dogon belief, they (hogon) are the "oldest direct descendant of the original ancestor." During a greeting ritual, the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family, from the person who was already there. [33], The Dogon are among several African ethnic groups that practice female genital mutilation, including a type I circumcision, meaning that the clitoris is removed.[34]. It is advisable to hire a guide with a car as the area is remote. Caste boys do not get circumcised.[31]. They were one of the last people in West Africa to lose their independence and come under French rule.[18]. Omissions? There is also a secret ritual language sigi s (language of Sigi), which is taught to dignitaries (olubar) of the Society of the Masks during their enthronement at the Sigui ceremony. Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68). The degree of complexity of the ceremonies depends upon the age and status of the deceased male. The yingim consists of both the sacrifice of cows, or other valuable animals, and mock combat. At this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to the ancestors. After his election, he has to follow a six-month initiation period, during which he is not allowed to shave or wash. Trade. [citation needed] After a couple has had children together, divorce is a rare and serious matter, and it requires the participation of the whole village. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a monument in Turkestan, a city in southern Kazakhstan. In the Dogon language, the sun's name (nay) had the same root as "mother" (na) and "cow" (n). "[24] Dogon males were primarily associated with the single-sexed male Jackal and the Sigui festival, which was associated with death on the Earth. Despite globalization, there are still a few places in the world which are home to cultures unlike any other. During the danyim, masqueraders perform dances every morning and evening for any period up to six days, depending on that village's practice. WebThe Hogon is the spiritual and political leader of the village. After being chosen, a hogon must pass through several months without washing or shaving. The vast majority of marriages are monogamous, but nonsororal polygynous marriages are allowed in the Dogon culture. Another minority practices Christianity. "[49], Griaule's daughter Genevive Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". ', This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system, mm Ya, or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Davis, Shawn R. Dogon Funerals in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso.The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. [4], The hogon is central to a wide range of fertility and marriage rituals, which are closely related to Dogon origin myths. They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the The Dogon people with whom French anthropologists Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen worked during the 1930s and 1940s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands, including "their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements, methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as a systematic pharmacopoeia". Their images or figures appeared on the female side of the Dogon sanctuary. WebThe Dogon religion is the traditional African beliefs of the Dogon of Mali. The smallest country of mainland Africa, this small nation can seem quite unremarkable at first glance, being confined only to the length of the Gambia River and Shambhala, which is a Sanskrit word meaning place of peace or place of silence, is a mythical paradise spoken of in ancient texts, including the Kalachakra Tantra and the ancient scriptures of the Zhang Zhung culture which predated Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. Kanaga mask in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9cm (42.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}12 x 2314 x 9 in); Brooklyn Museum (New York City), Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope, Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8cm (22 x 7 x 414 in. Everything is fine craft caste. [ 29 ] sit next to the.. ), Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel ( 1996 ), Hochstetler, J. Lee Durieux. All agree, however, the Dogons ' spiritual elders and high,... All collective property, followed by the man 's parents marriages are in. Initiation period, during which he is not allowed to shave or trade... 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