Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. 3. Soc. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Dehra Dun,. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. Impact Summary; . volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. [14] Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, an eminent freedom fighter, worked extensively in the earthquake relief operations. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. Geol. Springer, Singapore. Hayes et al. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. 1st English edition. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, You can also search for this author in At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. Thank you for visiting nature.com. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. L. Fermor. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. Everest. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. Earthq. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Burrard, S. (1934). *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. . Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). http://bit.ly/2bO3W3i. The Public Works Department had to be considerably expanded and Government and District Board Engineers had to work at top speed for nearly four years to carry out the immediate reconstruction programme. 117, S2, 773-782. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Geophys. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Roads were tom and alignments were changed. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Princeton University Press. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(B7), 62036227. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Sci. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. A.. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. India, 73. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. natural hazards. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. Rana, B. S. (1935). Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Res. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. This is not an exception. Tect. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. In G. J. Schenk (Ed. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Mem. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. This indicates that adequate structural design is the key to reduce the earthquake risk in Nepal. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). Lett. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. 110 1010-1027. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. (2017b). ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. 1. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Surv. Soc. De Graff-Hunter J 1934 The Indian earthquake (1934); Nature(London) 133 236-237. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. George Everest's specific requests to use the Nepal foothills for the survey were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company necessitating an elaborate series of masonry towers, many of which were destroyed prior to, or during, the earthquake. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. To obtain Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). PNAS, 117, 1761517621. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. The 2023 quake may end his rule. 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Geological society (Vol. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. The first was its basic . Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Surv. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). The size of the area affected by earthquake-induced landslides depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, its focal depth, the topography and geologic conditions near the causative fault, and the amplitude, frequency composition, and duration of ground shaking. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. 85 1-14. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Res. Res. Seismol. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. 82 2945-2969. The Waterways Division starting from Tirhut has now been extended and forms one of the main flanks in the Engineering Department of Bihar Government. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. 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