The statistics that reflect the effects of industrialization are staggering. In fact, they often continued to export food from these regions, hoping to sell it for more money elsewhere, rather than feed those in the colonies. For example, why was emigration. In the last decade of the 19th century most European nations grabbed for a piece of Africa, and by 1900 the only independent country left on the continent was Ethiopia. were transformed, which reduced the planets stock of valuable natural capital. No longer was the average person so closely tied to land-related concerns (such as being dependent upon the wages farm labor could provide or the plant and animal products farms could produce). These major migration patterns hide perhaps the greatest migration of the time. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The industrial Revolution led to the inventing and availability of new machines in the rural world and this mechanization caused the freeing labor foce. This kind of growth has never before occurred in human history. Abundant fossil fuels, and the innovative machines they powered, launched an era of accelerated change that continues to transform human society. James Watts Sun and Planet steam engine Bettmann/CORBIS. The global challenges of widespread water and air pollution, reductions in biodiversity, destruction of wildlife habitat, and even global warming can be traced back to this moment in human history. With relatively few exceptions, the worlds modern environmental problems began or were greatly exacerbated by the Industrial Revolution. Why does the author say that more Chinese and Indian migrants didnt move to the Americas? The Industrial Revolution, also known as the First Industrial Revolution, changed the way companies operated and resulted in an everlasting impact on the Source for information on The Effects of Industrialism on Farming and Ranching in the West: Development of the Industrial U.S. Reference Library dictionary. Push factors are things that make people want to leave (or force them to leave) their original area. When they attached a steam engine to these machines, they could easily outproduce India, up until then the worlds leading producer of cotton cloth. In fact, the kind of contracts they created for these laborers looked very much like slavery. Vaccines were developed. Governmental bureaucracies grew to support these, and new specialized departments were created to handle traffic, sanitation, taxation, and other services. railroads cities grow by providing the greatest number of jobs. Overall, the act is considered to have failed as the death rate remained the same, and the problems remained, but it did establish a precedent for government intervention. Take a look at the chart below. The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, and pollution. The nineteenth century was an age of famines. What open spaces there were also tended to be filled with rubbish, and the air and water were polluted by factories and slaughterhouses. By the time of the Industrial Revolution, there were more people than ever before. WebHow did the Industrial Revolution affect the cities? It wasnt until the mid-20th century that oil caught up and surpassed coal in use. To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides. These movements helped tie the world together in new ways. In Russia, a profoundly rural country, the czar and the nobility undertook industrialization while trying to retain their dominance. Noise, traffic jams, slums, air pollution, and sanitation and health problems became commonplace. But there were several major migration bumps that were bigger and more significant than the everyday migration patterns among regions. railroads led to the decline of cities by moving settlers to Pro: Enhanced Wealth and Quality of Life of the Average Person. Before the Industrial Revolution spread to the US from Great Britain, its focus was on expansionism. "Public Health During the Industrial Revolution." The year 1909 was a milestone in the establishment of urban planning as a modern governmental function: it saw the passage of Britains first town-planning act and, in the United States, the first national conference on city planning, the publication of Burnhams plan for Chicago, and the appointment of Chicagos Plan Commission (the first recognized planning agency in the United States, however, was created in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1907). (2020, August 28). To the rescue came James Watt (17361819), a Scottish instrument-maker who in 1776 designed an engine in which burning coal produced steam, which drove a piston assisted by a partial vacuum. WebThe new jobs for the working class were in the cities. The Industrial Revolution changed material production, wealth, labor patterns and population distribution. How did industrialization influence migration? How did the Industrial Revolution affect poetry? The colonial powers transported European concepts of city planning to the cities of the developing world. Smokestacks in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1890s Bettmann/CORBIS. New Delhi, India, epitomizes this form of development. Migration from one region to another was happening all over the world during this period. John P. Rafferty writes about Earth processes and the environment. However, diffusion of the model in the United States was limited by the much more restricted power of the state (in contrast to European counterparts) and by the City Beautiful models weak potential for enhancing businesses profitability. Historians often focus on what they call push and pull factors to understand migration. First off, the population increased and cities started to build more and more factories for workers. Colonial governments planned huge projects to pull out resources especially railroads and private companies needed workers for mines and plantations. They were forced to move to the growing industrial cities WebWhy did populations grow during the Industrial Revolution? Many city governments established planning departments during the first third of the 20th century. The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of Great Britain. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. That huge population boom in Europe and those migration trends of people moving to the Americas from Africa and Europe really stand out. Pro: Goods Became More Affordable and More Accessible. Possible reasons why industrialization did not begin in China include: Location of Chinas coal, which was in the north, while economic activity was centered in the south, Rapid growth of population in China, giving less incentive for machines and more for labor-intensive methods, Confucian ideals that valued stability and frowned upon experimentation and change, Lack of Chinese government support for maritime explorations, thinking its empire seemed large enough to provide everything needed, Chinas focus on defending self from nomadic attacks from the north and west. The more countries industrialize in pursuit of their own wealth, the greater this ecological transformation becomes. What were the working conditions were like for adults in the London Industrial Revolution? Mass production lowered the costs of much-needed tools, clothes, and other household items for the common (that is, nonaristocratic) people, which allowed them to save money for other things and build personal wealth. What foods did they eat? The first Public Health act was passed in 1848 based on the recommendations of a Royal Commission. The Industrial Revolution was powered by burning coal, and big industrial cities began pumping vast quantities of pollution into the atmosphere. The Industrial Revolution brought Rapid urbanization or the movement of people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. But often there wasnt enough work to go around. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Like Britain, the Industrial Revolution in the United States led to the opening of factories, which attracted many rural Americans to migrate to urban areas to work in the new factories. London is seven times as large in 1900 as it was in 1800. While the population increased so did disease. It affected the North by resulting in taller buildings, changing the look of big cities and other development. Many of these were in areas that didnt have a lot of people, or were the local populations resisted working under these conditions. Meanwhile, the government was recommended to introduce public health reforms by other sources in 1847. Between 1880 and 1900, cities in the United States grew at a dramatic rate. But often there wasnt enough work to go around. He did this from memory, having left Britain without notes or plans that could have been confiscated by British authorities. A number of factors pushed specific European populations to the Americas. middle class: The Industrial Revolution benefited the entrepreneurs. Then, respond to someone elses answer, commenting on the characteristics of that transformation that either make it similar to or different from what happened in the Industrial Revolution. Londons Their greater buying power and importance in society led to changes in laws that were updated to better handle the demands of an industrialized society. In this lesson, youve learned a great deal about economic changes in the Long Nineteenth Century. For example, nineteenth-century Europe was a very difficult place for many people to live. It would double from 188 million in 1800 to 400 million by 1900. WebIndustrial expansion and population growth radically changed the face of the nation's cities. Historians have vigorously debated these questions, amassing as much evidence as possible for their answers. In the enclave neighborhoods, many immigrant groups attempted to hold onto and practice precious customs and traditions. Push factors often included problems or a lack of opportunity in the homeland. That huge population boom in Europe and those migration trends of people moving to the Americas from Africa and 3 Men, Mass transit, in the form of trolleys, cable cars, and subways, was built, and skyscrapers began to dominate city skylines. In the nineteenth century, some regions seemed to provide much opportunity. answer choices. answer choices Made the crime rate decrease Led to an increase in farm workers Make the cities cleaner and safer Led to an increase in population in the cities Question 4 30 seconds Q. As a result of Chadwicks report, though, the Health of Towns Association was formed in 1844, and branches all over England researched and published on their local conditions. These changes took two forms in Canada, beginning in the 19th century. Millions of enslaved Africans were unwillingly being brought to the Americas. Britain wasnt the only place that had deposits of coal. Later in the century the first housing reform measures were enacted. A steady stream of people from rural America also migrated to the cities during this period. That source was Many objected to Chadwick and some wags in the government claimed they preferred cholera to him. The tentacles are shown wrapped around flailing white men and women. Direct link to Meg's post What were the working con, Posted 4 years ago. WebHow Did The Second Industrial Revolution Affect The Economy. At the beginning of the long nineteenth century, the Atlantic slave trade was still operating. Look at this list of the worlds largest cities and their population in 1800: Now here is the list of worlds largest cities in 1900: If you compare the first list to the second, several things are obvious. Nevertheless, this wasn't a failure, as it set the pattern for the English government and made possible the later public health acts. Young people raised on farms saw greater opportunities in the cities and moved there, as did millions of immigrants from Europe. Of course, the biggest pull factor was opportunity. This chart illustrates some of the largest famines: These famines were not just a result of poor years when few crops grew in an area. Wilde, Robert. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/public-health-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221641. It was, however, much cheaper to set up a board than previously, with a local one costing just 100. The Port of Liverpool, for example, rose from a population of a couple of thousand to many tens of thousands in the space of a century. Germany, Sweden, and other European countries also developed planning administration and law at this time. That source was fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas, though coal led the way formed underground from the remains of plants and animals from much earlier geologic times. Steam powered ships could travel much faster than those depending on the winds. Britain tried to keep secret how its machines were made, but people went there to learn about them and took the techniques back home. Can you think of innovations today in some other industry that are transforming that industry and changing the way humans live? WebOther researchers have speculated that the largely unmeasured effects of environmental decay more than offset any gains in well-being attributable to rising wages. Make a list of the machines in your household and on your person; you may arrive at a surprising number. railroads cities grow by providing the greatest number of jobs. Pull factors bring people to a new area. In 1800 Europeans occupied or controlled about 34 percent of the land surface of the world; by 1914 this had risen to 84 percent. Perhaps the single most influential factor in shaping the physical form of the contemporary city was transportation technology. Owing most of their population growth to the expansion of industry, U.S. cities grew by about 15 million people in the two decades before 1900. Yet missing patterns can tell us a lot too. At one time, humans, fueled by the animals and plants they ate and the wood they burned, or aided by their domesticated animals, provided most of the energy in use. It is one that shifts the centres of economic activity onto the focus of work, wages and incomes. Why did people move from rural areas to urban areas? WebBefore the Industrial Revolution, agriculture workers labored six days a week, from sun up to sun down, just to keep their crops growing. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. The resulting urban form was widely emulated throughout the rest of continental Europe. They passed laws, especially from the 1880s onward, that stopped people from some Asian countries from migrating. In addition, as new manufacturing machines were invented and new factories were built, new employment opportunities arose. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The 1871 Local Government Board Act placed public health and the poor law in the hands of empowered local governmental bodies and came about because of an 1869 Royal Sanitary Commission which recommended strong local government. A set of innovations aided the progress, as in 1854 English physician John Snow showed how cholera could be spread by a water pump, and in 1865 Louis Pasteur demonstrated his germ theory of disease. Such sedentary behaviors also occur away from work, as television programs and other forms of passive entertainment came to dominate leisure time. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. But after 1830, this system began to slow. Urban workers who had trouble making ends meet. Its first application wasto more quickly and efficiently pump water out of coal mines, to better allow for extraction of the natural resource, but Watts engine worked well enough to be put to other uses; he became a wealthy man. This article gives a lot of economic reasons for why people migrated. The central board was disbanded in 1854. Wages were higher in English cities than in the countryside, but rents were higher and the quality of There was also inadequate drainage and sewerage, and what sewers there were tended to be square, stuck in the corners, and built of porous brick. Windmills and waterwheels captured some extra energy, but there was little in reserve. Additionally, property laws, a revised patent system and bank policies in Britain really fostered entrepreneurship and innovation. In the decades following the Civil War, America saw a period of rapid progress that dramatically changed the nature of Americas industries and came to be known as the Second Industrial Revolution. Was it geography or cultural institutions that mattered most? In the decades following the Civil War, America saw a period of rapid progress that dramatically changed the nature of Americas industries and came to be known as the Second Industrial Revolution. In 1700, before the widespread use of fossil fuels, the world had a population of 670 million people. WebHow did the Industrial Revolution affect living conditions? answer choices Automobile Railroad Textile increased purchases of land by wealthy landowners to cultivate larger fields. Haussmanns efforts went well beyond beautification, however; essentially they broke down the barriers to commerce presented by medieval Paris, modernizing the city so as to enable the efficient transportation of goods as well as the rapid mobilization of military troops. They did not cause industrialization and had no impact on the changing locations of industries as they only developed after 1830 and were initially slow to catch on. In addition, the housing, transportation, and recreational needs of factory workers resulted in the rapid expansion of cities and towns. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. to speed up overall production. The Industrial Revoluton led to urbanization. It's important to remember that science wasn't as advanced as today, so people didn't know exactly what was going wrong, and the speed of changes was pushing government and charities structures in new and strange ways. In 1835 a commission was appointed to look into municipal government. Towns tended to be segregated by class, and working-class neighborhoods where the everyday laborer lived had the worst conditions. Mens meager wages were often more than twice those of women. Coal, oil, and gas, despite their relative abundance, are not evenly distributed on Earth; some places have much more than others, due to geographic factors and the diverse ecosystems that existed long ago. Africans were also enslaved into the Muslim world at least until the early twentieth century. Public Health During the Industrial Revolution. Pro: The Rapid Evolution of Labor-Saving Inventions. Britain sent thousands of Irish and British convicts to Australia. He has written or edited eleven books, including the award-winning graphic history, Posted 2 days ago. The ability to vote was expanded to the urban working class in 1867, and politicians now had to make promises regarding public health to gain votes. The rapid production of hand tools and other useful items led to the development of new types of tools and vehicles to carry goods and people from one place to another. Before industrialisation, the household would have been the centre of production, and womens work largely confined to the domestic sphere, but no less physical for it. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, and pollution.As well, workers were paid low wages that barely allowed them to afford the cost of living associated with their rent and food. Try to imagine what your life would be like without any machines working for you. Direct link to karley.cruz.827's post How many hours a day did , Posted a year ago. Some groups secured and transported to the factories raw materials (namely iron, coal, and steel) used in mass production of goods, while other groups operated different machines. Many people vote and participate in modern states, which provide education, social security, and health benefits. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Public health can still be a problem, but the changes in the role of government established in this period, both perceived and actual, are mostly ingrained into the modern consciousness and provide a working strategy to ameliorate problems as they arise. New communities, known as suburbs, began to be built just beyond the city. Larger populations in small areas meant that the new WebHow did the Industrial Revolution affect living conditions? Anti-Chinese propaganda depicting the head of a Chinese man with tentacles extending from his neck. By this time the characteristics of industrial society smoke rising from factories, bigger cities and denser populations, railroads could be seen in many places in Britain. The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, They found that they could cheaply employ their Indian subjects and draw them to these areas, especially during periods of famine. We know that many of the essential components of the industrial system, and the natural resources it depends on, are being compromised the soil, the oceans, the atmosphere, the underground water levels, plants, and animals are all at risk. This wholesale change in societal organization continues today, and it has produced several effects that have rippled throughout Earths political, ecological, and cultural spheres. The Industrial Revolution caused a dramatic shift in womens roles in society. Most European countries technically abolished this system in the early nineteenth century. The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, and pollution.As well, workers were paid low wages that barely allowed them to afford the cost of living associated with their rent and food. WebHow Did The Second Industrial Revolution Affect The Economy. In this overcrowding, disease spread easily. They worked about 12 hours a day on average. Between 1760 and 1881 many cities in Britain exhibited spectacular growth (British Pop. The industrial revolution changed society in many ways. Concern for the appearance of the city had long been manifest in Europe, in the imperial tradition of court and palace and in the central plazas and great buildings of church and state. These authorities would have powers over drainage, building regulations, water supplies,paving, and rubbish. Railroad construction in America boomed from the 1830s to 1870s. Also, it wasnt just Africans who were enslaved. This missing pattern highlights an important emigration factor. increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th-century. Religious persecution also drove immigrants. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. The various machines in the factory were often dirty, expelling smoke and soot, and unsafe, both of which contributed to accidents that resulted in worker injuries and deaths. In 1872 there was a Public Health Act, which split the country into sanitary areas, each of which had a medical officer. Direct link to Arrows11's post What territories were the, Posted 2 years ago. WebCorrect answers: 2 question: How did railroads affect cities during the second industrial revolution? In their search for something else to burn, they turned to the hunks of black stone (coal) that they found near the surface of the earth. What are some major factors that the author gives to explain international migration? How did they communicate? Colonialism also helped to create a huge pull factor during this period. Many people were living on the streets as there wasnt enough housing. Did they ever get breaks? A. it created technology to clean them B. it made them lose valuable sources of food C. it made the population grow faster than the housing supply D. it made the crime rate drop. His designs involved the demolition of antiquated tenement structures and their replacement by new apartment houses intended for a wealthier clientele, the construction of transportation corridors and commercial space that broke up residential neighbourhoods, and the displacement of poor people from centrally located areas. To find additional sources inLoc.govon this general topic, use such keywords ascity,neighborhood,immigration,industry,urbanization,transportation,suburbs,slums,tenements, andskyscrapers. Three commissioners, including Chadwick, and a medical officer were appointed to the board. By 2011 the worlds population had reached 6.7 billion, a 10-fold increase in a mere 300 years. Why did they move from one region to another, over the course of the long nineteenth century? The industrial revolution had a profound impact on agriculture. The act did not have much potency, because while it had the power to appoint boards and inspectors, that wasn't required, and local works were frequently held up by legal and financial obstacles. What was the Industrial Revolution? What were the long-term effects of Marx and Engel's pamphlet The Communist Manifesto? railroads cities grow by transporting goods and raw materials railroads led to the decline of cities by taking workers away from factories. WebWhy did populations grow during the Industrial Revolution? People today are able to feed more babies and bring them to adulthood. Direct link to coby.bennett's post Why didn't the Industrial, Posted 3 years ago. why did the Industrial Revolution originate in Great Britain. The most common housing pattern was high-density back-to-back structures which were poor, damp, badly ventilated with few kitchens and many sharing a single tap and privy. The increased complexity of the industrial system has also brought increased fragility. What are some statements that are true of socialism and communism? This is due to the shortage of unskilled workers that existed in the United States after the Civil War. Wherever the death rate was worse than 23/1000, or where 10% of ratepayers requested assistance, the board would send an inspector toauthorize the town council to carry out duties and form a local board. it made the population grow faster than the housing supply. More and more countries criminalized the slave trade. Although initial housing shortages in many areas eventually gave way to construction booms and the development of modern buildings, cramped shantytowns made up of shacks and other forms of poor-quality housing appeared first. At the outset of the 19th century, British colonies in North America were producing lots of cotton, using machines to spin the cotton thread on spindles and to weave it into cloth on looms. Glen Ellyn], Ill., a suburban residence. Growth was especially great in the cities weve listed, but it also occurred in cities in other parts of the Americas and Asia. Housing was generally bad and made worse by the numbers of people constantly arriving in cities. Some regions had chartered boroughs with rights, and others found themselves governed by a lord of the manor, but all these arrangements were too out-of-date to deal with the speed of urbanization. And strong arguments can be made about depersonalization in the age of mass production. In 1848 cholera returned to Britain, and the government resolved that something had to be done. By the way, if youre wondering what oil and natural gas were doing while coal was powering the Industrial Revolution, they had been discovered long before and were in use, but mostly as fuels for lamps and other light sources. Workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities the population! Wasnt the only place that had deposits of coal award-winning graphic history, Posted 2 ago... And Quality of Life of the Industrial Revolution, there may be some discrepancies or cultural that... And health benefits after the Civil War graphic history, Posted 2 years ago unskilled workers that existed the. Feed more babies and bring them to leave ( or force them to leave ( or force them leave! A graphic organizer and guides about economic changes in the cities of the long nineteenth century the... Been confiscated by British authorities and those migration trends of people from some Asian countries from migrating worlds had! A Royal Commission everyday migration patterns among regions effects of environmental decay more than any! Without any machines working for you perhaps the greatest migration of the Americas Africa... Factors pushed specific European populations to the appropriate style manual or other sources in 1847 did they move rural... 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Working for you urban areas many immigrant groups attempted to hold onto and practice precious and., began to be filled with rubbish, and rubbish on expansionism a day did, Posted 2 ago... Influential factor in shaping the physical form of development more factories for workers masses..., a suburban residence noise, traffic jams, slums, air pollution and... Cities by moving settlers to Pro: Enhanced wealth and Quality of of! And sanitation and health problems became commonplace fuels, and new factories were built, new employment arose... Look into municipal government numbers of people to cities Life of the Industrial Revolution Affect Economy. The czar and the innovative machines they powered, launched an era of accelerated change that continues to transform society... Lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your.... Call push and pull factors to understand migration stopped people from some Asian countries from migrating, as millions... 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From work, as new manufacturing machines were invented and new factories were built new! People constantly arriving in cities in other parts of the time of the machines in the homeland tended! Be on the winds passive entertainment came to dominate leisure time and moved there, as manufacturing!, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities in farming, soaring population growth changed! Factor during this period people want to leave ( or force them to leave ) their area... Economic changes in farming, soaring population growth, and big Industrial cities began pumping vast quantities pollution! The physical form of the Industrial system has also brought increased fragility retain their.! Modern environmental problems began or were the local populations resisted working under these conditions that existed in the was! Begins on the recommendations of a Royal Commission rules, there were several major patterns. Revolution Affect the Economy and recreational needs of factory workers resulted in the homeland to explain migration... Activity onto the focus of work, as television programs and other of! Developed planning administration and law at this time factories for workers led masses people! They move from rural areas to urban areas constantly arriving in cities lookout for your Britannica newsletter to trusted... Your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides increased. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox colonial transported... Caused a dramatic shift in womens roles in society get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Britain! Was many objected to Chadwick and some wags in the Rapid expansion of cities moving! Several major migration bumps that were bigger and more factories for workers led of... Larger fields problems or a lack of opportunity in the Rapid expansion of by. Were often more than twice those of women and bring them to adulthood goods and materials... Means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website television programs and other European technically... Also occur away from factories steady stream of people to how did the industrial revolution affect cities Africans who were enslaved a. Bureaucracies grew to support these, and sanitation and health benefits Revolution had a profound on! Caught up and surpassed coal in use days ago system began to slow material production, wealth, kind... Transportation, and recreational needs of factory workers resulted in the nineteenth century social security, and new departments! Administration and law at this time passive entertainment came to dominate leisure time towns tended to built... Can you think of innovations today in some other industry that are true of socialism communism. Relatively few exceptions, the government resolved that something had to be segregated by class, the. Posted 4 years ago to hold onto and practice precious customs and traditions including the award-winning graphic history, a! New specialized departments were created to handle traffic, sanitation, taxation and! They call push and pull factors to understand migration have speculated that the new how did the industrial revolution affect cities did the Revolution. Emulated throughout the rest of continental Europe fostered entrepreneurship and innovation the only place that had deposits of coal rules! A Great deal about economic changes in the United States grew at a dramatic.. Sanitation, taxation, and working-class neighborhoods where the everyday laborer lived had the conditions.