It met from February 15, 1819, established the new independent-from-Spain nation on December 17, was interrupted by further independentist activity, and reconvened on July 31, 1821, when . New York: McMillan. But, in the Angostura Address, he clearly mistrusts democracy, as it seems to cripple the strength of a nation: But what democratic government was ever able to unite power, prosperity and permanency at the same time? In the Angostura Address, he returns to this theme: The more I admire the excellency of the Federal Constitution of Venezuela, the more am I convinced of the impossibility of applying it to our situation (Bolivar 1819). from the Original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes). The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). London: Longman Publishing Group. God save Congress! (Bolivar 1819). The whole purpose of the Angostura Congress was precisely for Bolivar to renounce power as dictator and give it back to the constituency. All should not be left to chance and the outcome of elections. State Fullerton. Bolivar, S. 1821. Bolivar was decidedly on the abolitionist side, and this speaks very well of his moral character. Indeed, he was, but even more so from an intellectual point of view. Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. The executive power, consisting of two consuls, had the same flaw as Sparta. In the speech, Bolvar lays the foundations for the establishment of democratically governed Gran Colombia that is free from the burden of slavery and racial inequality. An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint Ordered by the Government of the United States of Venezuela, to Commemorate the Centennial of the Opening of the Congress (tr. They justified themselves by arguing that they were just agents of a greater historical force. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. In the midst of the battles for independence, Bolvar summoned a congress in the city of Angostura to reassert New Granadas autonomy and to install a political system that he believed would be capable of sustaining a new republic. Comercio libre meant that various Spanish ports could trade with the Indies; however, the Indies could not trade with any other country. However, this juncture would be rapidly embraced by radicals as an opportunity to proclaim independence from Spain in 1811 under the argument that they would not bow to an illegitimate French King. Caracas: Alfa. During Simon Bolivar's address at the Congress of Angostura, in 1819, he argued for the freedom of the people of Latin America. His praise for division of powers was also only half-hearted. Bolivars choice of despotic governments, once again, reveals that he was a man of his time. This would become a perennial feature amongst many Latin American caudillos ever since and something that would dominate most of the regions politics and society for the next century (Castro 2007). La Gran Colombia: una ilusin ilustrada. This is not to say that Bolivars relationship to people of African descent was totally harmonious. A republican magistrate is an individual set apart from society, charged with checking the impulse of the people toward license and the propensity of judges and administrators toward abuse of the laws. 1. Timeline for Colonial Latin America, 1492-1824, Colonial Latin American Profiles and Personalities, Moments and Events in Late Colonial Latin America, Analysis of Arthur Syzks Bolvar and Sucre at Junin, oil on canvas (1950), Simn Bolvar and Restrained Republicanism, Document #1: Letter from Jamaica, Simn Bolvar (1815), Document #2: Address at the Congress of Angostura, Simn Bolvar (1819), Chapter 3. "An assembly of tried and illustrious men, the Congress of Angostura, responded to the important requirements of the revolution, and when it gave birth to . Bolivar spoke, expressing his ideas regarding freedom. Not surprisingly, this quote (and Rousseaus political philosophy as a whole) has historically risen some eyebrows, as it seems to sympathize with authoritarian regimes, ironically all in the name of liberty itself. He liked to describe himself as the man of difficulties. Delhi: Penguin Books. He prepared weeks in advance the speech delivered on February 15th, 2019, to delegates of the Congress. Bolivar, S. 1819. Indeed, in the 18th Century, a series of reforms began to be undertaken by the new Spanish ruling dynasty, the Bourbons. Bolivar was given some military assignments in defending the Venezuelan Republic against loyalists of the Spanish monarchy. Library of America. What republic has exceeded in duration those of Sparta and Venice? The creation of a hereditary senate would in no way be a violation of political equality. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. If the Senate were hereditary rather than elective, it would, in my opinion, be the basis, the tie, the very soul of our republic. Bolvar personally witnessed the rise of. That is the goal of this article. Bolivar did not elaborate much on what this moral power would do exactly, but he seemed to have in mind a governing body akin to Roman censors, whose basic function was to regulate public morality (Leiva 1985). An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). This style seemed to serve a very specific purpose as by 1819, Bolivar was keen to present himself as a humble citizen that, only reluctantly, takes hold of power, not out of personal ambition, but because of some historical metaphysical necessity. The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. Proyecto de Constitucion para la Republica de Bolivia y discurso del Libertador al Congreso Constituyente de Bolivia. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. For, of all Enlightenment thinkers, Rousseau is typically considered to be somewhat of an outsider, even a pioneer of the Counter-Enlightenment. Bolivar never really says. Levenes thesis is only half true. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. A depiction of the Congress of Ccuta (1821). ), EZLN Command (1993), Chapter 4. This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Ciudad Bolvar (Spanish pronunciation: [sjua olia]; Spanish for "Bolivar City"), formerly known as Angostura and St. Thomas de Guyana, is the capital of Venezuela's southeastern Bolvar State.It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about 1 mile (1.6 km) in width, is the site of the first bridge across the river, and is a major riverport for the eastern regions of . What I propose is an office for which the candidates must prepare themselves, an office that demands great knowledge and the ability to acquire such knowledge. Some critics have accussed Bolvar of verbosity. The Enlightenment proclaimed the equality of all human beings, on account that we all share a common nature that makes human rights universal. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. One common colonialist trope in the 19th Century was the concept of Oriental despotism (Wittfogel, 1953), popularized by Hegel and Hegelians especially Karl Marx himself. How is everything conspiring against the executive power in a republic? The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that . Devoted to the government because of a natural interest in its own preservation, a hereditary senate would always oppose any attempt on the part of the people to infringe upon the jurisdiction and authority of their magistrates . Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. In political storms this body would arrest the thunderbolts of the government and would repel any violent popular reaction. The British executive power possesses all the authority properly appertaining to a sovereign, but a triple line of dams, barriers, and stockades surrounds him. New York: Springer. 1965. Colombia: Civility and Violence, Document #20: Press Release from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Secretariat of the Central General Command of the FARC-EP (2002), Document #21: Statement by Humberto de la Calle, Head of the Government Delegation to the Conversations Table, Humberto de la Calle (2013), Chapter 8. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. But, even when it came to the American government, Bolivar had high praises for it in the Angostura Address: And in fact, the example of the United States, with its progressive prosperity, was too flattering not to have been followed. This logic is very hard to follow. The population in the Americas was far greater than the population in the Iberian Peninsula, yet, only a minority of deputies posts were assigned to representatives of the American territories. By then, Bolivars movement was seen as one that intended to establish a Republic for the white criollos, which explains partly why Boves savagely occupied Valencia and executed so many of the white elite (Stoan 1974). In 1817, Bolivar captured the city of Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar) and the whole of Guayana, and established it as his center of military operations. Bolivar, S. 1830. Despite their genuine admiration for Bolivar, constituents understood that Bolivars argumentation in favor of hereditary principles of political power was very weak (not to say confusing), and that an institution imitating the British House of Lords would be nothing but a setback to old aristocratic times. ), The Works of Joseph de Maistre. Leiva, L. 1985. 2015. Chile: Repression and Democracy, A Voyage from the United States to South America, Thomas Bennett (1821), Document #28: Final Speech, Salvador Allende (1973), Document #29: Military Decrees on Seizing Power, Augusto Pinochet (1973), Document #30: Inaugural Address, Michelle Bachelet (2006), A Romanticism of Slavery and the Plantation Economy, Casa Grande e Senzala and the Formation of a New Brazilian Identity, Amnesty, Amnesia, and Moral Reparations in Brazil, Exploracin oficial por la primera vez desde el norte de la America del SurViaje a Rio de Janeiro, Francisco Michelena y Rojas (1867), Document #31: On Slavery in Brazil, Thomas Ewbank (1856), Document #32: State Department Telegram to Ambassador Lincoln Gordon (1964), Document #33: Letter to Pope Paul VI, Marcos Sattamini Pena de Arruda (1971), Document #34: Speech of the President of the Republic in the ceremony installing the Truth Commission, Dilma Rousseff (2012), Chapter 12. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/267/26702702.pdf. Carta a Francisco de Paula Santander. Under Jose de Galvezs (17201787) recommendation (after an administrative visit to the Indies), posts high in the military and civil hierarchy (including ecclesiastical appointments) ruling American affairs, would no longer be occupied by people born in Spanish America, but rather, by administrators born in Spain, i.e., the peninsulares. The case could be made, however, that, in the context of revolutionary struggle, perhaps Bolivar was not aspiring to create an old-fashioned nobility, but rather, a neutral organ intermediate between executive and popular instances. He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. The Angostura Address: Cultural identity, ethnic relations Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. Throughout many of his private writings, Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the takeover by pardos. We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. Criollos would know be second-class citizens. As complement to the strong executive power, in the Angostura Address Bolivar proposed a legislative power divided in two chambers: Representatives and the Senate. This bring us to one of our key questions: Had Bolivar already planned to be a perpetual dictator by 1819 and was the Angostura Address paying mere lip service to the principle of alterability in power? 2018;47(1):74-82. In 1829, in the mist of continuous crises of legitimacy, some of Bolivars loyalists in Bogota proposed to establish a monarchy, with Bolivar as king, although his title would be Liberator; he would then have a European prince as successor (Lynch 2010: 263). Bolivar was very eloquent in denouncing the vices of Spanish imperialism in his vociferous anti-colonial stand. But, as for Man, I declare that I have never met him in my life. House of Angostura, a Trinidad and Tobago company manufacturing angostura bitters. By this I mean that the result will be the death of the government, whose heirs are anarchy, usurpation, and tyranny . Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s - Present. Discussion Questions; Further Readings; Honduras: A Country and a Coup Stoan, SK. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. Download date: August 25th, 2018. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. Angostura, 1819" Main Point Summary/Background: Simn Bolvar's "Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819" is more than the opening speech of a statesman to a constituent assembly; it is a voice that embodied realities of a new revolutionary society in Latin America. By the end of his life, Bolivar was a deeply disappointed and bitter man who wrote to a friend: All who served the Revolution have plowed the sea (Bolivar 1830). It would be even more difficult for the laws of North America to be adopted in Venezuela. The will of the Grand Sultan, the Khan, the Bey, and other despotic sovereigns, is the supreme law, and it is arbitrarily executed by the pashas and inferior governors in Turkey and Persia, where the system of oppression is completely organized, and is submitted to by the people because of the authority from which it emanates. It is an office for which candidates ought to be prepared, as a senator needs much wisdom and the right faculties to acquire knowledge (Bolivar 1819). This speech, now known as the Angostura Address, is a prime document in the Bolivarian canon. Silencios y disputas en la historia de Hispanoamerica. At the opening session, held at the Orinoco River port of Angostura (today Ciudad Bolvar), on 15 February 1819, Bolvar delivered a major address in which he warned against imitation of Anglo-American institutions and called for a new constitution featuring a hereditary Senate and a "moral power" with special responsibility for education and CiteSeerX Address to the Congress at Angostura CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The idea never entered into my head to consider as identical the characteristics of two peoples as different as the Anglo-American and the Spanish-American. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47, no. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 (1): 7482. 80: Communist Interference in El Salvador, and Response to Stories Published in the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, U.S. Department of State and Alexander Haig (1981), Document #12: Testimonies of Guatemalan Women, Luz Alicia Herrera (1980), Chapter 5. the Liberator Simn Bolvar's address to the Congress of Angostura, 200 years after the delivery of this monumental work. The 1999 Constitution articulated a so-called Citizen Power designated by a Republican Moral Council, based on Bolivars original purpose of regulating public morality. One of the main thesis of that classic work of political philosophy, is that American democracy is not only built on a particular form of government and its institutions, but also on the cultural foundations of Americans (Tocqueville 2004). The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. and men of philosophical thought (Roscio, Viscardo, etc. Please look indulgently on this declaration of my political vision, on my heartfelt desires and my earnest pleas, which I have dared to address to you in the name of the people (Bolivar 1819). It is no speculation to argue that he was legitimately worried by the prospect that the emerging nations would not have a sufficiently defined national identity for viable political institutions. Retreived from: https://rsf.org/en/ranking. Although some historians still debate this (Damas 1983; Draper 1968) it does not seem to be the case. Again, Bolivar does not make it sufficiently clear. What state is more powerful than Great Britain? Do we not read in Montesquieus Spirit of the Laws that laws should be suited to the people making them, and that it is extremely unlikely that the laws of our nation will suit another? (Bolivar 1819). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. That Constitution, labeled the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, written under the auspices of Hugo Chavez and the self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution, went to great lengths in attempting to imitate Bolivarian thinking in every aspect of political organization. Again, Bolivar was certainly a big critic of Spanish imperialism, but he did not seem to mind other empires. Maistre, J. He failed miserably, the Republic collapsed, and after guaranteeing his own freedom by turning against Francisco de Miranda he managed to flee into exile (Paredes 2015). A big point of contention between Enlightenment thinkers and their Counter-Enlightenment foes, was about universalism. Dynamics of Political Transformation, Supplement: Comparative Historical Analysis, Moments and Events of Political Transformation, The Historical and Contemporary Role of Women in Ecuadorian Society, Brazilian Sambas Translation and Dialogue with International Dancesport, Dominican Republic Latin America at the Movies, El Salvador Latin America at the Movies, Chapter 15. Download date: August 25th, 2018. El caudillismo en Amrica Latina, ayer y hoy. In the Angostura Address, he was clearly against it. Draper, H. 1968. In his view, federalism may work in some countries, but not in all. of History, Cal. 3(1): 2553. Needless to say, Bolivar hoped to become precisely a perpetual figurehead in the politics of the region and went to describe the role as follows: The President of the Republic comes to be in our Constitution, as the Sun that, firm in the center, gives life to the Universe. Furthermore, by 1814, Napoleons troops retreated from Spain, and Ferdinand VII returned to power. Who could resist the admiration and esteem inspired by an intelligent government, which unites at the same moment public and private rights, which forms by general consent the supreme law of individuals? He would lead them cross the Andes chain of mountains in modern-day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the capital, Bogota. His "Angostura Address of 1819" is much more than just a regular speech that any politician would make throughout the course of their career. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. . Bogota: Random House. It must be based on the sovereignty of the people, the division of powers, civil liberty, the prohibition of slavery and the abolition of monarchy and privileges (Bolivar 1819). Bolivar was not really greatly concerned with these events in Spain. After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. Document #2: "Address at the Congress of Angostura," Simn Bolvar (1819) Travels in Colonial Latin America; Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 3. Caracas: Alfa. Thanks to these achievements he would then be invited by the Peruvian authorities to organize the military campaign against the remaining Spanish and loyalist forces in Peru and Upper Peru (modern-day Bolivia), thus completing the final defeat of the Spanish Empire in South America. Document #41: "Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics," John F. Kennedy (1961) Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 16. 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